next up previous
Next: High-ionization (coronal) emission lines Up: Dusty warm absorbers Previous: Photoionization models

Dust emission and the infrared bump

The multiwaveband spectrum of MCG-6-30-15 clearly shows a large IR bump. If this infrared bump is interpreted as the thermal emission from dust grains, the corresponding grain temperature is tex2html_wrap_inline2306 . The fact that the tex2html_wrap_inline2308 fluxes describe an approximate Rayleigh-Jeans form shows that dust cooler than tex2html_wrap_inline2310 cannot contribute much to the observed emission. However, the relatively flat tex2html_wrap_inline2312 spectrum shows that there are probably hotter dust components. Here we investigate whether this IR bump can be understood as thermal emission from a dusty warm absorber.

Following the work of Barvainis (1987), we calculate the mass of dust required to produce the tex2html_wrap_inline2314 flux observed in MCG-6-30-15. Assuming graphite grains with a radius of tex2html_wrap_inline2318 , a density of tex2html_wrap_inline2320 and temperature of tex2html_wrap_inline2322 , we estimate that tex2html_wrap_inline2324 of dust is required to produce the tex2html_wrap_inline2314 flux. Furthermore, assuming a standard gas-to-dust mass ratio of 200, the corresponding mass of associated gas is tex2html_wrap_inline2328 . If, instead, we consider a grain temperature of tex2html_wrap_inline2330 , the increased dust emissivity lowers the dust mass requirement to tex2html_wrap_inline2332 with a corresponding gas mass of tex2html_wrap_inline2334 .

The mass of the outer (dusty) warm absorber can be independently estimated from simple arguments using the X-ray data. Approximating as a thin, uniform, spherical shell, the mass of ionized plasma is

eqnarray516

where tex2html_wrap_inline2338 is the radial distance of the absorbing region, tex2html_wrap_inline2340 is the column density and tex2html_wrap_inline2342 is the covering fraction of the material as seen from the central source (i.e. the `global' covering fraction). In MCG-6-30-15, we must have tex2html_wrap_inline2346 in order to heat the dust to tex2html_wrap_inline2348 . The ASCA data directly constrain the column density to be tex2html_wrap_inline2350 . Thus, we have

equation530

with only tex2html_wrap_inline2342 remaining unconstrained. This is somewhat less than the mass derived in the previous paragraph, especially when it is noted that there are arguments suggesting tex2html_wrap_inline2360 (see Reynolds 1997 and Section 5.)

The disagreement between these two mass estimates is not unexpected. We would only expect agreement if most of the warm/hot dust emission originated from grains in a warm absorber which approximated a uniform spherical shell. Realistically, a rather more complicated geometry would be expected. In particular, large quantities of warm/hot grain emission would be expected from dusty gas associated with the irradiated inner edge of the putative dusty molecular torus. Indeed, it may be artificial to consider the outer warm absorber and the torus as distinct and separate entities - the outer warm absorber may well be an optically-thin, outflowing extension of the standard (optically-thick) cold torus.


next up previous
Next: High-ionization (coronal) emission lines Up: Dusty warm absorbers Previous: Photoionization models

Chris Reynolds
Wed Jul 2 14:33:32 MDT 1997