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High-ionization (coronal) emission lines

The optical spectrum of MCG-6-30-15 clearly displays the very high-excitation forbidden lines of [FeX] tex2html_wrap_inline1482 , [FeXI] tex2html_wrap_inline1484 and [FeXIV] tex2html_wrap_inline1486 . These are the so-called iron coronal lines. Previous studies of the coronal lines in Seyfert galaxies have found them to have line widths intermediate between that of the lower-excitation forbidden narrow lines (such as [OIII]) and the permitted broad lines (Grandi 1978). These studies have also found the coronal lines to be slightly blueshifted with respect to the narrow forbidden lines. As shown in Table 2, the coronal lines in MCG-6-30-15 follow exactly these trends. Note that the true width and flux of the [FeXIV] tex2html_wrap_inline1486 line may be less than that presented in Table 2 due to blending with [CaV] tex2html_wrap_inline2374 . Oliva et al. (1994) have examined various models for the coronal line emission.

Such observations have led to the discussion of the coronal line region (CLR) which is distinct from the BLR or NLR. Here we address the possibility that the CLR in MCG-6-30-15 can be identified with the outer warm absorber.

The collision strengths for these transitions are poorly known (Osterbrock & Fulbright 1996; Oliva 1996). Any calculations of line strengths that we perform will be tainted by this basic uncertainty in the atomic physics. Despite these uncertainties, we have used CLOUDY to examine the coronal line emission from the inner and outer warm absorber. Table 3 reports the predicted coronal line fluxes as a fraction of the observed line flux. These predicted fluxes assume an optically-thin, unobscured spherical shell with total covering fraction tex2html_wrap_inline2342 .

It is clear from Table 3 that the inner warm absorber cannot contribute much to the observed coronal line emission. This is primarily due to the fact that iron is too highly ionized, although collisional de-excitation is also relevant in suppressing the coronal line emission. On the other hand, the outer warm absorber can produce significant coronal emission. If we hypothesize that all of the [FeX] tex2html_wrap_inline1482 and [FeXIV] tex2html_wrap_inline1486 emission originates from the outer warm absorber, we deduce that tex2html_wrap_inline2384 . However, half of the optical emission from this region may well be blocked by very optically-thick material (e.g. the molecular torus). This is suggested by the fact that, in some other Seyfert nuclei, even infrared coronal lines are observed to be blueshifted with respect to the low-ionization narrow lines implying that any redshifted coronal emission must be heavily extinguished. If this is the case, the true obscuration-corrected coronal line flux maybe twice that observed leading to a revised covering fraction of tex2html_wrap_inline2386 . This compares well with the estimate of the covering fraction of the outer warm absorber, tex2html_wrap_inline2388 , based on the analysis of ASCA data for a sample of Seyfert galaxies (Reynolds 1997).

According to our CLOUDY calculations, the observed [FeXI] tex2html_wrap_inline1484 emission cannot be explained as originating from the same material as the other coronal lines. Within our hypothesis, three possibilities present themselves. First, the observed [FeXI] tex2html_wrap_inline1484 may have its origins elsewhere. Any separate coronal line emitting component would then be heavily constrained by the fact that it could not over-produce [FeX] tex2html_wrap_inline1482 and [FeXIV] tex2html_wrap_inline1486 . Secondly, the uncertainties in the atomic physics may lead CLOUDY to grossly underestimate the [FeXI] tex2html_wrap_inline1484 flux and this line may, in fact, originate within the same material as the other coronal lines. Thirdly, the uncertainties in the atomic physics may have led CLOUDY to grossly overestimate the [FeX] tex2html_wrap_inline1482 and [FeXIV] tex2html_wrap_inline1486 emission from the outer warm absorber. In this case, either the warm absorber covering fraction is large ( tex2html_wrap_inline2404 ) or the coronal lines are emitted from a completely distinct (and as yet unidentified) region. Further progress in this area clearly requires better atomic parameters for these transitions, such as those which will be provided by the IRON project (Hummer et al. 1993).


next up previous
Next: Further Discussion Up: A multi-wavelength study of Previous: Dust emission and the

Chris Reynolds
Wed Jul 2 14:33:32 MDT 1997