Bibliography

1

S. Chandrasekhar,
The highly collapsed configurations of a stellar mass,
MNRAS 91, 456-456 (1931).

2

S. Chandrasekhar,
The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs,
ApJ 74, 81-82 (1931).

3

L. D. Landau,
On the theory of stars,
Phys. Z. Sovietunion 1, 285 (1932).

4

A. Akmal, V. R. Pandharipande, and D. G. Ravenhall,
Equation of state of nucleon matter and neutron star structure,
Phys. Rev. C 58, 1804-1828 (1998).

5

G. Srinivasan,
The maximum mass of neutron stars,
A&ARv 11, 67-96 (2002).

6

C. E. Rhoades and R. Ruffini,
Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 324-327 (1974).

7

S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis,
The large scale structure of space-time,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973.

8

P. Murdin and B. L. Webster,
Optical Identification of Cygnus X-1,
Nature 233, 110 (1971).

9

J. B. Hutchings,
Evidence for noncircular orbits in X-ray binaries,
ApJ 226, 264 (November 15 1978).

10

N. I. Balog, A. V. Goncharski, and A. M. Cherepashchuk,
On the possibility of optical eclipse in the Cygnus X-1 system,
Sov. Astron. Lett. 7(5), 336 (1981).

11

D. R. Gies and C. T. Bolton,
The Optical Spectrum of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1. II. Spectrophotometry and Mass Estimates,
ApJ 304, 304 (May 1 1986).

12

A. Herrero, R. P. Kudritzki, R. Gabler, J. M. Vilchez, and A. Gabler,
Fundamental properties of galactic luminous OB stars. II. A spectroscopic analysis of HDE 226868 and the mass of Cygnus X-1,
A&A 297, 556 (1995).

13

M. C. Miller and D. P. Hamilton,
Production of intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters,
MNRAS 330, 232-240 (2002).

14

A. Eckart and R. Genzel,
Stellar proper motions in the central 0.1 PC of the Galaxy,
MNRAS 284, 576-598 (1997).

15

A. M. Ghez, B. L. Klein, M. Morris, and E. E. Becklin,
High Proper-Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius$^*$: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy,
ApJ 509, 678 (1998).

16

R. Schödel, T. Ott, R.Hoffman, M. Lehnert, A. Eckart, N. Mouawad, M. J. Reid, R. Lenzen, M. Hartung, F. Lacombe, D. Rouan, E. Gendron, G. Rousset, A. M. Lagrange, W. Brandner, N.Ageorges, C. Lidman, A. F. M. Moorwood, J. Spyromilio, N. Hubin, and K. M. Menten,
A star in a 15.2 year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way,
Nature 419, 694 (2002).

17

A. M. Ghez, M. Morris, E. E. Becklin, A. Tanner, and T. Kremenek,
The accelerations of stars orbiting the Milky Way's central black hole,
Nature 407, 349-351 (2000).

18

A. Eckart, R. Genzel, T. Ott, and R. Schödel,
Stellar orbits near Sagittarius A$^*$,
MNRAS 331, 917 (2002).

19

R. Genzel, A. Eckart, T. Ott, and F. Eisenhauer,
On the nature of the dark mass in the centre of the Milky Way,
MNRAS 291, 219-234 (1997).

20

Y. Tanaka, K. Nandra, A. C. Fabian, H. Inoue, C. Otani, T. Dotani, K. Hayashida, K. Iwasawa, T. Kii, F. Makino, and M. Matsuoka,
Gravitationally Redshifted Emission Implying an Accretion Disk and Massive Black Hole in the Active Galaxy MCG$-$6-30-15,
Nature 375 (1995).

21

P. W. Guilbert and M. J. Rees,
`Cold' Material in Non-Thermal Sources,
MNRAS 233, 475 (1988).

22

A. P. Lightman and T. R. White,
Effects of Cold Matter in Active Galactic Nuclei: A Broad Hump in the X-ray Spectra,
ApJ 335, 57 (1988).

23

M. M. Basko,
K-Fluorescence lines in spectra of X-ray binaries,
ApJ 223, 268 (1978).

24

I. M. George and A. C. Fabian,
X-ray reflection from cold matter in Active Galactic Nuclei and X-ray binaries,
MNRAS 249, 352, (1991).

25

G. Matt, G. C. Perola, and L. Piro,
The iron line and high energy bump as X-ray signatures of cold matter in Seyfert 1 galaxies,
A&A 247, 25 (1991).

26

R. P. Kerr,
Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 237-238 (1963).

27

K. Schwarzschild,
Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie,
Sitzber. Dtsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Kl. Math. Phys. Tech. , 189 (1916).

28

R. Penrose and G. R. Floyd,
Black Holes - Extraction of rotational energy,
Nature 229, 177-178 (1971).

29

S. L. Shapiro and S. A. Teukolsky,
Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: the physics of compact objects.,
Wiley, New York, 1983.

30

K. S. Thorne,
Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole. II. Evolution of the Hole,
ApJ 191, 507-519 (1974).

31

E. Agol and M. Kamionkowski,
X-Rays from Isolated Black Holes in the Milky Way,
MNRAS 334, 553 (2001).

32

H. Bondi and F. Hoyle,
On the mechanism of accretion by stars,
MNRAS 104, 273 (1944).

33

D. Bennett, A. Becker, J. Quinn, A. Tomaney, C. Alcock, R. Allsman, D. Alves, T. Axelrod, K. Cook, A. Drake, P. Fragile, K. Freeman, M. Geha, K. Griest, B. Johnson, S. Keller, C. Laws, M. Lehner, S. Marshall, D. Minniti, C. Nelson, B. Peterson, P. Popowski, M. Pratt, P. Quinn, S. Rhie, C. Stubbs, W. Sutherland, T. Vandehei, and D. Welch,
Gravitational Microlensing Events Due to Stellar Mass Black Holes,
ApJ 579, 639-659 (2002).

34

S. Mao, M. C. Smith, P. Wozniak, A. Udalski, M. Szymanski, M. Kubiak, G. Pietrzynski, I. Soszynski, and K. Zebrun,
Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE-1999-BUL-32: the Longest Ever Microlensing Event - Evidence for a Stellar Mass Black Hole?,
MNRAS 329, 349 (2002).

35

S. Bowyer, E. T. Byram, T. A. Chubb, and H. Friedman,
Cosmic X-ray sources,
Science 147, 394 (1965).

36

B. L. Webster and P. Murdin,
Cygnus X-1 -- A spectroscopic binary with a heavy companion?,
Nature 235, 37-38 (January 7 1972).

37

C. T. Bolton,
Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868,
Nature 235, 271-273 (February 4 1972).

38

R. M. Hjellming,
Radio Variability of HDE 226868 (Cygnus X-1),
ApJ 182, L29 (1973).

39

N. G. Bochkarëv, E. A. Karitskaya, V. M. Luskutov, and V. V. Sokolov,
Linear polarization from tidal distortions of the Cygnus X-1 primary component,
Sov. Astron. 30(1), 43 (Jan.-Feb. 1986).

40

Z. Ninkov, G. A. H. Walker, and S. Yang,
The primary orbit and the absorption lines of HDE 226868 (Cygnus X-1),
ApJ 321, 425 (October 1 1987).

41

Z. Ninkov, G. A. H. Walker, and S. Yang,
The He II and H$\alpha$ emission lines of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 321, 438 (October 1 1987).

42

J. F. Dolan,
A reanalysis of the orbital inclination of Cygnus X-1 determined polarimetrically,
ApJ 384, 249 (January 1 1992).

43

R. Giacconi, S. Murray, H. Gursky, E. Kellogg, E. Schreier, T. Matilsky, D. Koch, and H. Tananbaum,
The Third Uhuru Catalog of X-ray Sources,
ApJS 27, 37-64 (1974).

44

A. P. Cowley, D. Crampton, and J. B. Hutchings,
Transmission grating spectroscopy of X-Ray source fields,
AJ 83(12), 1619-1638 (1978).

45

A. P. Cowley, P. C. Schmidtke, A. L. Anderson, and T. K. McGrath,
Determination of the Optical Counterpart of LMC X-1,
PASP 107, 145-147 (February 1995).

46

J. B. Hutchings, D. Crampton, A. P. Cowley, L. Bianchi, and I. B. Thompson,
Optical and UV Spectroscopy of the Black Hole Binary Candidate LMC X-1,
AJ 94(2), 340-344 (1987).

47

A. P. Cowley, D. Crampton, J. B. Hutchings, R. Remillard, and J. E. Penfold,
Discovery of a Massive Unseen star in LMC X-3,
ApJ 272, 118 (1983).

48

T. H. Markert, C. R. Canizares, G. W. Clark, W. H. G. Lewin, H. W. Schnopper, and G. F. Sprott,
Observations of the Highly Variable X-Ray Source GX 339-4,
ApJ 184, L67-L70 (1973).

49

J. Samimi, G. H. Share, K. Wood, D. Yentis, J. Meekins, W. D. Evans, S. Shulman, E. T. Byram, T. A. Chubb, and H. Friedman,
GX339$-$4 - A new black hole candidate,
Nature 278, 434-436 (1979).

50

B. Margon, J. R. Thornstensen, and S. Bowyer,
The optical counterpart of 3U 1956+11,
ApJ 221, 907 (May 1 1978).

51

A. A. Zdziarski, J. Poutanen, J. Mikoajewska, M. Gierlinski, K. Ebisawa, and W. N. Johnson,
Broad-band X-ray/$\gamma$-ray spectra and binary parameters of GX 339-4 and their astrophysical implications,
MNRAS 301, 435-450 (1998).

52

M. A. Nowak, J. Wilms, and J. B. Dove,
Coronal-temporal correlations in GX 339$-$4: Hysteresis, Possible Reflection Changes, and Implications for ADAFs,
MNRAS 332, 856 (2002).

53

M. A. Nowak and J. Wilms,
On the Enigmatic Source V1408 Aql (=1957+11),
ApJ 522, 476-486 (1999).

54

R. Wijnands, J. Miller, and M. v. Klis,
4U 1957+11: a persistent low-mass X-ray binary and black-hole candidate in the high state?,
MNRAS 331, 60 (2002).

55

S. Miyamoto, S. Kitamoto, S. Iga, H. Negoro, and K. Terada,
Canonical Time Variations of X-Rays from Black Hole Candidates in the Low-Intensity State,
ApJ 391, L21-L24 (1992).

56

S. Miyamoto, S. Iga, S. Kitamoto, and Y. Kamado,
Another canonical time variation of X-rays from black hole candidates in the very high flare state?,
ApJ 403, L39-L42 (1993).

57

M. A. Nowak,
Toward a Unified View of Black-Hole High-Energy States,
PASP 107, 1207 (December 1995).

58

C. Done,
Galactic black hole binary systems,
Advances in Space Research 28, 255-265 (2001).

59

S. Corbel, R. P. Fender, A. K. Tzioumis, M. Nowak, V. McIntyre, P. Durouchoux, and R. Sood,
Coupling of the X-ray and radio emission in the black hole candidate and compact jet source GX 339-4,
A&A 359, 251-268 (2000).

60

M. J. Coe, A. R. Engel, and J. J. Quenby,
Anti-correlated hard and soft X-ray intensity variations of the black-hole candidates CYG X-1 and A0620-00,
Nature 259, 544 (1976).

61

S. N. Zhang, W. Cui, B. A. Harmon, W. S. Paciesas, R. E. Remillard, and J. van Paradijs,
The 1996 Soft State Transitions of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 477, L95 (April 1 1997).

62

W. Cui, W. A. Heindl, R. E. Rothschild, S. N. Zhang, K. Jahoda, and W. Focke,
RXTE Observations of Cygnus X-1 In Its High State,
ApJ 474, L57-L60 (1997).

63

S. A. Ilovaisky, C. Chevalier, C. Motch, and L. Chiappetti,
GX 339-4 EXOSAT Observations in the off and soft states,
A&A 164, 671 (1986).

64

S. A. Grebenev, R. Syunyaev, M. N. Pavlinsky, and I. A. Dekhanov,
Detection of quasiperiodic oscillations of X-rays from the black hole candidate GX 339-4,
Sov. Astron. Lett. 17, 413 (1991).

65

S. Miyamoto, K. Kimura, S. Kitamoto, T. Dotani, and K. Ebisawa,
X-Ray Variability of GX 339-4 in its very high state,
ApJ 383, 784-807 (December 20 1991).

66

J. Wilms, M. A. Nowak, K. Pottschmidt, W. A. H. J. B. Dove, and M. C. Begelman,
Discovery of Recurring Soft to Hard State Transitions in LMC X-3 and LMC X-1,
MNRAS 320, 316-326 (2001).

67

A. K. H. Kong, P. A. Charles, E. Kuulkers, and S. Kitamoto,
Long-term X-ray variability and state transition of GX 339-4,
MNRAS 329, 588-596 (2002).

68

A. K. H. Kong, E. Kuulkers, P. A. Charles, and L. Homer,
The `off' state of GX339-4,
MNRAS 312, L49-L55 (2000).

69

S. Kitamoto, H. Tsunemi, S. Miyamoto, and K. Hayashida,
Discovery and X-ray properties of GS 1124-683 (=Nova Muscae),
ApJ 394, 609 (1992).

70

S. Miyamoto, S. Kitamoto, S. Iga, K. Hayashida, and K. Terada,
Normalized Power Spectral Densities of Two X-Ray Components of GS 1124-683,
ApJ 435, 398-406 (1994).

71

R. A. Remillard, J. E. McClintock, and C. D. Bailyn,
Evidence for a black hole in the X-ray binary Nova MUSCAE 1991,
ApJ 399, L145-L149 (1992).

72

R. M. Wagner, T. J. Kreidl, S. B. Howell, and S. G. Starrfield,
Periodic photometric variability of the black hole binary V404 Cygni,
ApJ 401, L97-L100 (1992).

73

J. E. McClintock and R. A. Remillard,
The black hole binary A0620-00,
ApJ 308, 110-122 (1986).

74

P. Charles,
Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries,
in Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei. Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held at Garching, Germany, 6-8 September 1999. Lex Kaper, Edward P. J. van den Heuvel, Patrick A. Woudt (eds.), p. 27. Springer., page 27, 2001.

75

T. Belloni, M. Klein-Wolt, M. Méndez, M. van der Klis, and J. van Paradijs,
A model-independent analysis of the variability of GRS 1915+105,
A&A 355, 271-290 (2000).

76

R. M. Hjellming and M. P. Rupen,
Episodic Ejection of Relativistic Jets by the X-Ray Transient GRO:J1655-40,
Nature 375, 464 (1995).

77

I. F. Mirabel and L. F. Rodriguez,
A Superluminal Source in the Galaxy,
Nature 371, 46 (1994).

78

R. P. Fender,
Black Hole states and radio jet formation,
in ESO workshop on Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei, edited by L. Kaper, E. P. J. van den Heuvel, and P. A. Woudt, Heidelberg, 2000, Springer.

79

D. C. Hannikainen, R. W. Hunstead, D. Campbell-Wilson, and R. K. Sood,
MOST Radio Monitoring of GX 339$-$4,
A&A 337, 460 (1998).

80

R. Fender, S. Corbel, T. Tzioumis, V. McIntyre, D. Campbell-Wilson, M. Nowak, R. Sood, R. Hunstead, A. Harmon, P. Durouchoux, and W. Heindl,
Quenching of the Radio Jet during the X-Ray High State of GX 339-4,
ApJ 519, L165-L168 (1999).

81

A. M. Stirling, R. E. Spencer, C. J. de la Force, M. A. Garrett, R. P. Fender, and R. N. Ogley,
A relativistic jet from Cygnus X-1 in the low/hard X-ray state,
MNRAS 327, 1273-1278 (2001).

82

R. P. Fender,
Powerful jets from black hole X-ray binaries in low/hard X-ray states,
MNRAS 322, 31-42 (2001).

83

J. Binney and S. Tremaine,
Galactic Dynamics,
Princeton Series in Astrophysics, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1987.

84

A. Soltan,
Masses of quasars,
MNRAS 200, 115-122 (1982).

85

M. J. Rees,
Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei,
ARA&A 22, 471 (1984).

86

P. J. Young, J. A. Westphal, J. Kristian, C. P. Wilson, and F. P. Landauer,
Evidence for a supermassive object in the nucleus of the galaxy M87 from SIT and CCD area photometry,
ApJ 221, 721-730 (1978).

87

W. L. W. Sargent, P. J. Young, C. R. Lynds, A. Boksenberg, K. Shortridge, and F. D. A. Hartwick,
Dynamical evidence for a central mass concentration in the galaxy M87,
ApJ 221, 731-744 (1978).

88

H.C. Ford, R.J. Harms, Z. I. Tsvetanov, G. F. Hartig, L. L. Dressel, G. A. Kriss, R. Bohlin, A. F. Davidsen, B. Margon, and A. K. Kochhar,
Narrowband HST images of M87: Evidence for a disk of ionized gas around a massive black hole,
ApJ 435, L27-30 (1994).

89

R. J. Harms, H. C. Ford, Z. I. Tsvetanov, G. F. Hartig, L. L. Dressel, G. A. Kriss, R. Bohlin, A. F. Davidsen, B. Margon, and A. K. Kochhar,
HST FOS spectroscopy of M87: Evidence for a disk of ionized gas around a massive black hole,
ApJ 435, L35-38 (1994).

90

F. Macchetto, A. Marconi, D. J. Axon, A. Capetti, W. Sparks, and P. Crane,
The Supermassive Black Hole of M87 and the Kinematics of Its Associated Gaseous Disk,
ApJ 489, 579 (1997).

91

L. J. Greenhill, D. R. Jiang, J. M. Moran, M. J. Reid, K. Y. Lo, and M. J. Claussen,
Detection of a subparsec diameter disk in the nucleus of NGC 4258,
ApJ 40, 619-627 (1995).

92

M. Myoshi, J. Moran, J. Herrnstein, L. Greenhill, N. Nakai, P. Diamond, and M. Inoue,
Evidence for a Black-Hole from High Rotation Velocities in a Sub-Parsec Region of NGC425,
Nature 373, 127 (1995).

93

L. J. Greenhill, C. Henkel, R. Becker, T. L. Wilson, and J. G. A. Wouterloot,
Centripetal acceleration within the subparsec nuclear maser disk of NGC4258,
A&A 304, 21 (1995).

94

J. Magorrian, S. Tremaine, D. Richstone, R. Bender, G. Bower, A. Dressler, S. M. Faber, K. Gebhardt, R. Green, C. Grillmair, J. Kormendy, and T. Lauer,
The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers,
AJ 115, 2285-2305 (1998).

95

K. Gebhardt, D. Richstone, J. Kormendy, T. R. Lauer, E. A. Ajhar, R. Bender, A. Dressler, S. M. Faber, C. Grillmair, J. Magorrian, and S. Tremaine,
Axisymmetric, Three-Integral Models of Galaxies: A Massive Black Hole in NGC 3379,
AJ 119, 1157-1171 (2000).

96

K. Gebhardt, R. Bender, G. Bower, A. Dressler, S. M. Faber, A. V. Filippenko, R. Green, C. Grillmair, L. C. Ho, J. Kormendy, T. R. Lauer, J. Magorrian, J. Pinkney, D. Richstone, and S. Tremaine,
A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion,
ApJ 539, L13-L16 (2000).

97

L. Ferrarese and D. Merritt,
A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies,
ApJ 539, L9-L12 (2000).

98

C. Hazard, M. B. MacKay, and A. Shimmins,
Nature 197, 1037 (1963).

99

M. Schmidt,
3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift.,
Nature 197, 1040 (1963).

100

E. E. Salpeter,
Accretion of Interstellar Matter by Massive Objects,
ApJ 140, 796-800 (1964).

101

Y. B. Zeldovich,
Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 158, 811 (1964).

102

D. Lynden-Bell,
Galactic Nuclei as Collapsed Old Quasar,
Nature 223, 690 (1969).

103

J. H. Krolik,
Active Galactic Nuclei,
Princeton Series in Astrophysics, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1999.

104

J. Quinn, C. W. Akerlof, S. Biller, J. Buckley, D. A. Carter-Lewis, M. F. Cawley, M. Catanese, V. Connaughton, D. J. Fegan, J. P. Finley, J. Gaidos, A. M. Hillas, R. C. Lamb, F. Krennrich, R. Lessard, J. E. McEnery, D. I. Meyer, G. Mohanty, A. J. Rodgers, H. J. Rose, G. Sembroski, M. S. Schubnell, T. C. Weekes, C. Wilson, and J. Zweerink,
Detection of Gamma Rays with $E>300$GeV from Markarian 501,
ApJ 456, L83 (1996).

105

M. Catanese, S. M. Bradbury, A. C. Breslin, J. H. Buckley, D. A. Carter-Lewis, M. F. Cawley, C. D. Dermer, D. J. Fegan, J. P. Finley, J. A. Gaidos, A. M. Hillas, W. N. Johnson, F. Krennrich, R. C. Lamb, R. W. Lessard, D. J. Macomb, J. E. McEnery, P. Moriarty, J. Quinn, A. J. Rodgers, H. J. Rose, F. W. Samuelson, G. H. Sembroski, R. Srinivasan, T. C. Weekes, and J. Zweerink,
Multiwavelength Observations of a Flare from Markarian 501,
ApJ 487, L143 (1997).

106

R. R. J. Antonucci and J. S. Miller,
Spectropolarimetry and the nature of NGC 1068,
ApJ 297, 621-632 (1985).

107

R. D. Blandford and R. L. Znajek,
Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes,
MNRAS 179, 433-456 (1977).

108

S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley,
Instability, Turbulence, and Enhanced Transport in Accretion Disks,
Reviews of Modern Physics 70, 1 (1998).

109

M. C. Begelman,
Super-Eddington Atmospheres That Do Not Blow Away,
ApJ 551, 897-906 (2001).

110

N. I. Shakura and R. Sunyaev,
Black Holes in Binary Systems. Observational Appearance,
A&A 24, 337 (1973).

111

J. E. Pringle,
Accretion Disks in Astrophysics,
ARA&A 19, 137 (1981).

112

J. Frank, A. King, and R. R.,
Accretion Power in Astrophysics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.

113

S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley,
On the Nature of Angular Momentum Transport in Nonradiative Accretion Flows,
ApJ 573, 749-753 (2002).

114

I. D. Novikov and K. S. Thorne,
Black Hole Astrophysics, eds. C. De Witt and B. De Witt
in Black Holes, pages 343-450, 1974.

115

D. N. Page and K. S. Thorne,
Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole: I. Time-averaged Structure of Accretion Disk,
ApJ 191, 499-506 (1974).

116

H. Riffert and H. Herold,
Relativistic Accretion Disk Structure Revisited,
ApJ 450, 508 (1995).

117

D. M. Eardley and A. P. Lightman,
Magnetic viscosity in relativistic accretion disks,
ApJ 200, 187-203 (1975).

118

S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley,
A powerful local shear instability in weakly magnetized disks. I. Linear Analysis,
ApJ 376, 214 (1991).

119

J. F. Hawley and S. A. Balbus,
A Powerful Local Shear Instability in Weakly Magnetized Disks. II. Nonlinear Evolution,
ApJ 376, 223 (July 20 1991).

120

J. F. Hawley, C. F. Gammie, and S. A. Balbus,
Local Three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Disks,
ApJ 440, 742 (1995).

121

J. M. Stone, J. F. Hawley, C. F. Gammie, and S. A. Balbus,
Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamical Simulations of Vertically Stratified Accretion Disks,
ApJ 463, 656-673 (1996).

122

J. Goodman and G. Xu,
Parastic instabilities in magnetized, differentially rotating disks,
ApJ 432, 213-223 (1994).

123

P. J. Armitage,
Turbulence and Angular Momentum Transport in Global Accretion Disk Simulation,
ApJ 501, L189 (1998).

124

J. F. Hawley,
Global Magnetohydrodynamical Simulations of Accretion Tori,
ApJ 528, 462-479 (2000).

125

J. F. Hawley and J. H. Krolik,
Global MHD Simulation of the Inner Accretion Disk in a Pseudo-Newtonian Potential,
ApJ 548, 348-367 (2001).

126

E. Agol and J. H. Krolik,
Magnetic Stress at the Marginally Stable Orbit: Altered Disk Structure, Radiation, and Black Hole Spin Evolution,
ApJ 528, 161-170 (Jan. 2000).

127

J. H. Krolik,
Magnetized Accretion inside the Marginally Stable Orbit around a Black Hole,
ApJ 515, L73-L76 (1999).

128

C. F. Gammie,
Efficiency of Magnetized Thin Accretion Disks in the Kerr Metric,
ApJ 522, L57-L60 (1999).

129

L. X. Li,
Accretion Disk Torqued by a Black Hole,
ApJ 567, 463 (2002).

130

B. Pacynsky and P. Wiita,
Thick accretion disks and supercritical luminosities,
A&A 88, 23 (1980).

131

P. J. Armitage, C. S. Reynolds, and J. Chiang,
Simulations of Accretion Flows Crossing the Last Stable Orbit,
ApJ 548, 868-875 (2001).

132

C. S. Reynolds and P. J. Armitage,
A Variable Efficiency for Thin-Disk Black Hole Accretion,
ApJ 561, L81-L84 (2001).

133

J. F. Hawley and J. H. Krolik,
High-Resolution Simulations of the Plunging Region in a Pseudo-Newtonian Potential: Dependence on Numerical Resolution and Field Topology,
ApJ 566, 164-180 (2002).

134

J. P. De Villiers and J. F. Hawley,
A Numerical Method for General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics,
ApJ (2002),
submitted.

135

K. S. Thorne and R. H. Price,
Cygnus X-1: An interpretation of the Spectrum and its variability,
ApJ 195, L101 (1975).

136

R. A. Sunyaev and J. Trümper,
Hard X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1,
Nature 279, 506 (7 June 1979).

137

G. B. Rybicki and A. P. Lightman,
Radiative Processes in Astrophysics,
Wiley, New York, 1979.

138

L. A. Pozdnyakov, I. M. Sobel, and R. A. Syunyaev,
Comptonization and the Shaping of X-Ray Source Spectra - Montecarlo Calculations,
Ap&SS 2, 189 (1983).

139

P. J. E. Peebles,
Principle of Physical Cosmology,
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993.

140

B. E. Stern, J. Poutanen, R. Svensson, M. Sikora, and M. C. Begelman,
On the Geometry of the X-Ray-Emitting Region in Seyfert Galaxies,
ApJ 449, L13-L16 (1995).

141

S. L. Shapiro, A. P. Lightman, and D. Eardley,
A two-temperature accretion disk model for Cygnus X-1: Structure and Spectrum,
ApJ 204, 187 (1976).

142

J. E. Pringle,
Thermal instabilities in accretion discs,
MNRAS 177, 65-71 (1976).

143

T. Piran,
The Role of Viscosity and Cooling mechanisms in the stability of accretion disks,
ApJ 221, 652 (1978).

144

J. B. Dove, J. Wilms, and M. C. Begelman,
A Self-Consistent Thermal Accretion Disk Corona Model for Compact Objects: I. Properties of the Corona and the Spectra of Escaping Radiation,
ApJ 487, 747-758 (1997).

145

J. P. Ostriker, R. Weaver, A. Yahil, and R. McCray,
A new luminosity limit for spherical accretion onto compact X-ray sources,
ApJ 208, L61 (1976).

146

E. P. Liang and R. H. Price,
Accretion Disk Coronae and Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 218, 247 (1977).

147

G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan and S. I. Blinnikov,
Disk Accretion onto a Black Hole at Subcritical Luminosity,
A&A 59, 111 (1977).

148

E. P. T. Liang and K. A. Thompson,
Models of unsaturated Compton disks around supermassive black holes,
MNRAS 189, 421-432 (Nov. 1979).

149

A. A. Galeev, R. Rosner, and G. S. Vaiana,
Structured Coronae of Accretion Disks,
ApJ 229, 318 (1979).

150

K. A. Miller and J. M. Stone,
The Formation and Structure of a strongly magnetized corona above a weakly magnetized accretion disk,
ApJ 534, 398-419 (2000).

151

F. Haardt and L. Maraschi,
A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies,
ApJ 380, L51 (1991).

152

F. Haardt and L. Maraschi,
X-Ray Spectra from Two-Phase Accretion Disks,
ApJ 413, 507 (1993).

153

G. B. Field and R. D. Rogers,
Radiation from Magnetized Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei,
ApJ 403, 94 (January 20 1993).

154

F. Haardt, L. Maraschi, G. Ghisellini,
X-ray Variability and Correlations in the Two-Phase Disk-Corona Model for Seyfert Galaxies,
ApJ 476, 620-631 (1997).

155

J. B. Dove, J. Wilms, M. G. Maisack, and M. C. Begelman,
Self-Consistent Thermal Accretion Disk Corona Models for Compact Objects: II. Application to Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 487, 759-768 (1997).

156

C. S. Reynolds and A. C. Fabian,
Special relativistic effects on the strength of the fluorescent K$\alpha$ line from black hole accretion disks,
MNRAS 290, 1P-5P (1997).

157

A. M. Beloborodov,
Plasma Ejection from Magnetic Flares and the X-Ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 510, L123-L126 (1999).

158

R. R. Ross, A. C. Fabian, and Y. A. J.,
X-ray reflection spectra from ionized slabs,
MNRAS 306, 461 (1999).

159

S. Nayakshin and J. B. Dove,
Accretion Disks with Coronae in Cygnus X-1: The Role of a Transition Layer,
ApJ 560, 885-891 (2001).

160

C. Done and S. Nayakshin,
Testing models of X-ray reflection from irradiated discs,
MNRAS 328, 616-622 (2001).

161

C. Done and S. Nayakshin,
Observational Signatures of X-Ray-irradiated Accretion Disks,
ApJ 546, 419-428 (2001).

162

S. Ichimaru,
Bimodal Behavior of Accretion Disks: Theory and Application to Cygnus X-1 Transitions,
ApJ 214, 840-855 (1977).

163

M. J. Rees, E. S. Phinney, M. C. Begelman, and R. D. Blandford,
Ion-supported tori and the origin of radio jets,
Nature 295, 17-21 (1982).

164

R. Narayan and I. Yi,
Advection-dominated accretion: A self-similar solution,
ApJ 428, L13-L16 (1994).

165

R. Narayan and I. Yi,
Advection-Dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars,
ApJ 452, 710 (1995).

166

M. Abramowicz, X. Chen, S. Kato, J. P. Lasota, and O. Regev,
Thermal equilibria of accretion disks,
ApJ 438, L37 (1995).

167

R. Narayan, I. Yi, and R. Mahadevan,
Explaining the Spectrum of Sagittarius A* with a Model of an Accreting Black-Hole,
Nature 374, 623 (1995).

168

R. Narayan, R. Mahadevan, J. E. Grindlay, R. G. Popham, and C. Gammie,
Advection-dominated accretion model of Sagittarius A*: evidence for a black hole at the Galactic center.,
ApJ 492, 554-568 (1998).

169

E. Quataert, R. Narayan, and M. J. Reid,
What is the accretion rate in Sagittarius A*?.,
ApJ 517, 101-104 (May 1999).

170

R. D. Blandford and M. C. Begelman,
On the Fate of Gas Accreting at a Low Rate Onto a Black Hole,
MNRAS 303, 1P-5P (1999).

171

E. Quataert and A. Gruzinov,
Convection-dominated Accretion Flows,
ApJ 539 (2000).

172

J. M. Stone, J. E. Pringle, and M. C. Begelman,
Hydrodynamical non-radiative accretion flows in two dimensions,
MNRAS 310, 1002-1016 (1999).

173

I. V. Igumenshchev and M. A. Abramowicz,
Two-dimensional Models of Hydrodynamical Accretion Flows into Black Holes,
ApJS 130, 463-484 (2000).

174

M. A. Abramowicz, I. V. Igumenshchev, E. Quataert, and R. Narayan,
On the Radial Structure of Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows with Convection,
ApJ 565, 1101-1106 (2002).

175

R. Narayan,
Advection-dominated models of luminous accreting black holes,
ApJ 462, 136-141 (May 1 1996).

176

A. A. Esin, J. E. McClintock, and R. Narayan,
Advection-Dominated Accretion Model and the Spectral States of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries: Application to Nova Muscae 1991,
ApJ 489, 865 (1997).

177

M. C. Begelman,
Can a spherically accreting black hole radiate very near the Eddington limit,
MNRAS 187, 237 (1979).

178

C. S. Reynolds,
X-Ray Emission and Absorption in Active Galaxies,
PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, August 1996.

179

E. Anders and M. Ebihara,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 2363 (1982).

180

G. Matt, A. C. Fabian, and C. S. Reynolds,
Geometrical and chemical dependence of K-shell X-ray features,
MNRAS 289, 175 (1997).

181

D. R. Ballantyne, R. R. Ross, and A. C. Fabian,
X-ray reflection by photoionized accretion discs,
MNRAS 327, 10 (2001).

182

R. R. Ross and A. C. Fabian,
The effects of photoionization on X-ray reflection spectra in active galactic nuclei,
MNRAS 261, 74 (1993).

183

G. Matt, A. C. Fabian, and R. R. Ross,
Iron K$\alpha$ lines from X-ray photoionized accretion disks,
MNRAS 262, 179 (1993).

184

P. T. Zycki and B. Czerny,
The iron K$\alpha$ line from a partially ionized reflecting medium in an active galactic nucleus,
MNRAS 266, 653 (1994).

185

P. Magdziarz and A. A. Zdziarski,
Angle-dependent Compton reflection of X-rays and gamma-rays,
MNRAS 273, 837-848 (1995).

186

S. Nayakshin and T. R. Kallman,
Accretion Disk Models and their X-ray Reflection Signatures. I. Local Spectra,
ApJ 546, 406 (2001).

187

J. Poutanen, M. Sikora, M. C. Begelman, and P. Magdziarz,
The Compton Mirror in NGC 4151,
ApJ 465, L107-L110 (1996).

188

J. Wilms, R. Speith, and C. S. Reynolds,
Broad Iron Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei: A Possible Test of the Kerr Metric?,
in Black Holes: Theory and Observation, edited by F. W. Hehl, C. Kiefer, and R. Metzler, number 514 in Lecture Notes in Physics, page 69, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998, Springer.

189

A. C. Fabian, M. J. Rees, L. Stella, and N. White,
X-ray fluorescence from the inner disc in Cygnus X-1,
MNRAS 238, 729 (1989).

190

K. Chen and J. P. Halpern,
Structure of Line-Emitting Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei: Arp 102B,
ApJ 344, 115-124 (1989).

191

B. C. Bromley, K. Chen, and W. A. Miller,
Line Emission from an accretion disk around a rotating black hole: Toward a measurement of frame dragging,
ApJ 475, 57-64 (1997).

192

V. Karas, D. Vokrouhlický, and A. G. Polnarev,
In the vicinity of a rotating black hole: a fast numerical code for computing observational effects,
MNRAS 259, 569-575 (1992).

193

S. Hartnoll and E. Blackman,
Reprocessed emission from warped accretion discs with application to X-ray iron line profiles,
MNRAS 317, 880 (2000).

194

S. Hartnoll and E. Blackman,
Iron line profiles from black hole accretion discs with spiral velocity structure,
MNRAS 332, L1 (2002).

195

V. Karas, A. Martocchia, and S. L.,
Variable line profiles due to non-axisymmetric patterns in an accretion disc around a rotating black hole,
PASJ 53, 189 (2001).

196

C. T. Cunningham,
The Effects of Redshifts and focusing on the Spectrum of an Accretion Disk Around a Kerr Black Hole,
ApJ 202, 788-802 (1975).

197

A. Laor,
Line profiles from a disk around a rotating black hole,
ApJ 376, L90-L94 (1991).

198

R. Speith, H. Riffert, and H. Ruder,
The photon transfer function for accretion disks around a Kerr black hole,
Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 109-120 (1995).

199

G. Bao, P. Hadravana, and E. Østgaard,
Emission-Line Profiles from a Relativistic Accretion Disk and the Role of its Multiple Images,
ApJ 435, 55 (November 1 1994).

200

P. Barr, N. E. White, and C. G. Page,
The discovery of low-level Iron K line emission from Cyg X-1,
MNRAS 216, 65p (1985).

201

K. Nandra, K. A. Pounds, G. C. Steward, A. C. Fabian, and M. J. Rees,
Detection of iron features in the X-ray spectrum of the Seyfert I galaxy MCG-6-30-15,
MNRAS 236, 39 (1989).

202

K. Nandra, K. A. Pounds, G. C. Steward, I. M. George, K. Hayashida, F. Makino, and T. Ohashi,
Compton reflection and the variable X-ray spectrum of NGC 5548,
MNRAS 248, 760 (1991).

203

C. S. Reynolds,
On the lack of X-ray iron line reverberation in MCG-6-30-15: Implications for the Black hole mass and accretion disk structure,
ApJ 533, 811 (2000).

204

K. A. Pounds, K. Nandra, G. C. Stewart, I. M. George, and A. C. Fabian,
X-ray reflection from cold matter in the nuclei of active galaxies,
Nature 344, 132 (Mar. 1990).

205

A. C. Fabian, H. Kunieda, S. Inoue, M. Matsuoka, T. Mihara, S. Miyamoto, C. Otani, G. Ricker, Y. Tanaka, M. Yamauchi, and T. Yaqoob,
ASCA Observations of the Warm Absorber in MCG-6-30-15: the Discovery ot a Change in Column Density,
PASJ 46, L59-L63 (1994).

206

C. S. Reynolds, A. C. Fabian, K. Nandra, H. Inoue, H.Kunieda, and K.Iwasawa,
ASCA PV observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG-6-30-15: rapid variability of the warm absorber,
MNRAS 277, 901-912 (1995).

207

K. Iwasawa, A. C. Fabian, C. S. Reynolds, K. Nandra, C. Otani, H. Inoue, H. Kunieda, M. Matsuoka, and Y. Takana,
The variable iron K emission line in MCG-6-30-15,
MNRAS 282, 1038 (1996).

208

K. Iwasawa, A. C. Fabian, A. J. Young, H. Inoue, and C. Matsumoto,
Variation of the broad X-ray iron line inMCG-6-30-15 during a flare,
MNRAS 306, L19-L24 (1999).

209

A. C. Fabian, K. Nandra, C. S. Reynolds, W. N. Brandt, C. Otani, Y. Tanaka, H. Inoue, and K. Iwasawa,
On broad iron K$\alpha$ lines in Seyfert 1 galaxies,
MNRAS 277, L11 (1995).

210

R. Misra and F. K. Sutaria,
Comparisons of various model fits to the iron line profile in MCG$-$6-30-15,
ApJ 517, 661-667 (1999).

211

C. S. Reynolds and Jörn Wilms,
On the Inability of Comptonization to produce the broad X-ray iron lines observed in Seyfert nuclei,
ApJ 533, 821 (2000).

212

M. Ruszkowski, A. C. Fabian, R. R. Ross, and K. Iwasawa,
The evidence against Comptonization as a mechanism to explain the Fe K$\alpha$; line profile in MCG-6-30-15,
MNRAS 317, L11 (2000).

213

J. G. Skibo,
Spallation of Iron in Black Hole Accretion Flows,
ApJ 478, 522-526 (April 1 1997).

214

Y. Tanaka and W. H. G. Lewin,
Black-hole binaries,
in X-Ray Binaries, edited by W. H. G. Lewin, J. van Paradijs, and E. P. J. van den Heuvel, chapter 3, page 126, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995.

215

Y. Dabrowski, A. C. Fabian, K. Iwasawa, A. N. Lasenby, and C. S. Reynolds,
The profile and equivalent width of the X-Ray iron emission-line from a disk around a Kerr black hole,
MNRAS 288, L11-L15 (1997).

216

C. S. Reynolds and M. C. Begelman,
Iron fluorescence from within the innermost stable orbit of black hole accretion disks,
ApJ 487, 109 (1997).

217

A. J. Young, R. R. Ross, and A. C. Fabian,
Iron line profiles including emission from within the innermost stable orbit of a black hole accretion disc,
MNRAS 300, L11-L15 (1998).

218

J. Wilms, C. S. Reynolds, M. C. Begelman, J. Reeves, S. Molendi, R. Staubert, and E. Kendziorra,
XMM-EPIC observation of MCG-6-30-15: direct evidence for the extraction of energy from a spinning black hole?,
MNRAS 328, L27 (2001).

219

A. Martocchia, G. Matt, V. Karas, T. Belloni, and M. Feroci,
Evidence for a relativistic iron line in GRS 1915+105,
A&A 387, 215-221 (2002).

220

A. C. Fabian, S. Vaughan, K. Nandra, K. Iwasawa, D. R. Ballantyne, J. C. Lee, A. De Rosa, A. Turner, and A. J. Young,
A long hard look at MCG-6-30-15 with XMM-Newton,
MNRAS 335, L1 (2002).

221

K. Nandra and K. A. Pounds,
Highly ionized gas in the nucleus of the active galaxy MCG$-$6-30-15,
Nature 359, 215 (1992).

222

C. S. Reynolds, M. J. Ward, A. C. Fabian, and A. Celotti,
A multi-waveband study of the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG-6-30-15,
MNRAS 291, 403 (1997).

223

S. Kaspi, W. N. Brandt, I. M. George, H. Netzer, D. M. Crenshaw, J. R. Gabel, F. W. Hamann, M. E. Kaiser, A. Koratkar, S. B. Kraemer, G. A. Kriss, S. Mathur, R. F. Mushotzky, K. Nandra, B. M. Peterson, J. C. Shields, T. J. Turner, and W. Zheng,
The Ionized Gas and Nuclear Environment in NGC 3783. I. Time-averaged 900 Kilosecond Chandra Grating Spectroscopy,
ApJ 574, 643 (2002).

224

G. Branduardi-Raymont, M. Sako, S. M. Kahn, A. C. Brinkman, J. S. Kaastra, and M. J. Page,
Soft X-ray emission lines from a relativistic accretion disk in MCG$-$6-30-15 and Mrk 766,
A&A 365, L140-L145 (2001).

225

J. C. Lee, P. M. Ogle, C. R. Canizares, H. L. Marshall, N. S. Schulz, R. Morales, A. C. Fabian, and K. Iwasawa,
Revealing the Dusty Warm Absorber in MCG$-$6-30-15 with the Chandra HETG,
ApJ, 554, L13-L17 (2001).

226

K. Nandra, I. M. George, R. F. Mushotzky, T. J. Turner, and T. Yaqoob,
ASCA Observations of Seyfert 1 galaxies: II. Relativistic Iron $K\alpha$ emission,
ApJ 477, 602-622 (1997).

227

K. Nandra, R. F. Mushotzky, T. Yaqoob, I. M. George, and T. J. Turner,
Variability of the iron K emission line in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516,
MNRAS 284, L7 (1997).

228

K. Nandra, I. M. George, R. F. Mushotzky, T. J. Turner, and T. Yaqoob,
The Properties of the Relativistic Iron K-Line in NGC 3516,
ApJ 523, L17 (1999).

229

M. Ruszkowski and A. C. Fabian,
On the influence of resonant absorption on the iron emission-line profiles from accreting black holes,
MNRAS 315, 223 (2000).

230

T. J. Turner, R. F. Mushotzky, T. Yaqoob, I. M. George, S. L. Snowden, H. Netzer, S. B. Kraemer, K. Nandra, and D. Chelouche,
Narrow Components within the Fe K$\alpha$; Profile of NGC 3516: Evidence of the Importance of General Relativistic Effects?,
ApJ 574, L123 (2002).

231

T. Yaqoob, R. Edelson, K. A. Weaver, R. S. Warwick, R. F. Mushotzky, P. J. Serlemitsos, and S. S. Holt,
The Iron K alpha Line Profile in NGC 4151,
ApJ 453, L81 (1995).

232

J.-X. Wang, Y.-Y. Zhou, and T.-G. Wang,
The Broad Fe K-Line Profile in NGC 4151,
ApJ 523, L129 (1999).

233

J.-X. Wang, T.-G. Wang, and Y.-Y. Zhou,
The Unique Rapid Variabilities of the Iron K$\alpha$; Line Profiles in NGC 4151,
ApJ 549, 891 (2001).

234

K. Takahashi, H. Inoue, and T. Dotani,
Origin of the "Disk-Line" Feature in the X-Ray Energy Spectrum of a Seyfert Galaxy, NGC4151,
PASJ 54, 373 (2002).

235

R. F. Mushotzky, A. C. Fabian, K. Iwasawa, H. Kunieda, M. Matsuoka, K. Nandra, and Y. Tanaka,
Detection of broad iron K lines in active galaxies,
MNRAS 272, L9-L12 (1995).

236

J. Chiang, C. S. Reynolds, O. Blaes, M. A. Nowak, N. Murray, G. Madejski, and H. Marshall,
Simultaneous EUVE/ASCA/RXTE Observations of NGC 5548,
ApJ 528, 292-305 (2001).

237

T. Yaqoob, I. M. George, K. Nandra, T. J. Turner, P. J. Serlemitsos, and R. F. Mushotzky,
Physical Diagnostics from a Narrow Fe K$\alpha$; Emission Line Detected by Chandra in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 5548,
ApJ 546, 759 (2001).

238

K. A. Pounds, J. N. Reeves, K. L. Page, R. Edelson, G. Matt, and P. C. Perola,
A simultaneous XMM-Newton and BeppoSAX observation of the archetypal Broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC5548,
MNRAS (2002),
submitted.

239

K. A. Weaver and C. S. Reynolds,
Are the nuclei of Seyfert 2 galaxies viewed face-on?,
ApJ 503, L39 (1998).

240

T. J. Turner, I. M. George, K. Nandra, and R. F. Mushotzky,
ASCA observations of type-2 Seyfert Galaxies: III Orientation and X-ray Absorption,
ApJ 493, 91 (1998).

241

J. C. Lee, K. Iwasawa, J. C. Houck, A. C. Fabian, , H. L. Marshall, and C. C. R.,
The shape of the relativistic iron K$\alpha$ line from MCG-6-30-15 measured with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer and the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer,
ApJ 570, L47 (2002).

242

J. C. Lee, A. C. Fabian, C. S. Reynolds, W. N. Brandt, and K. Iwasawa,
The X-ray variability of the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG-6-30-15 from long ASCA and RXTE observations,
MNRAS 318, 857 (2000).

243

P. Gondoin, D. Lumb, H. Siddiqui, M. Guainazzi, and N. Schartel,
XMM-Newton observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Fairall 9,
A&A 373, 805 (2001).

244

P. Gondoin, P. Barr, D. Lumb, T. Oosterbroek, A. Orr, and A. N. Parmar,
Simultaneous XMM-Newton and BeppoSAX observation of the Seyfert I galaxy IC 4329A,
A&A 378, 806 (2001).

245

P. Gondoin, A. Orr, D. Lumb, and M. Santos-Lleo,
XMM-Newton observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 335,
A&A 388, 74 (2002).

246

C. S. Reynolds, M. A. Nowak, and P. R. Maloney,
A Deep X-Ray Observation of NGC 4258 and Its Surrounding Field,
ApJ 540, 143 (2000).

247

K. Makishima, R. Fujimoto, Y. Ishisaki, T. Kii, M. Loewenstein, R. Mushotzky, P. Serlemitsos, T. Sonobe, M. Tashiro, and T. Yaqoob,
Discovery of an obscured low luminosity active nucleus in the spiral galaxy NGC 4258,
PASJ 46, L77 (1994).

248

W. Pietsch and A. M. Read,
An X-ray view of the active nucleus in NGC 4258,
A&A 384, 793 (2002).

249

Y. Terashima, L. C. Ho, A. F. Ptak, T. Yaqoob, H. Kunieda, K. Misaki, and P. J. Serlemitsos,
Iron K Line Variability in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4579,
ApJ 535, L79 (2000).

250

Y. Terashima, N. Iyomoto, L. C. Ho, and A. F. Ptak,
X-Ray Properties of LINERs and Low-Luminosity Seyfert Galaxies Observed with ASCA. I. Observations and Results,
ApJS 139, 1 (2002).

251

K. Nandra, I. M. George, R. F. Mushotzky, T. J. Turner, and T. Yaqoob,
On the dependence of the iron K-line profiles with luminosity in Active Galactic Nuclei,
ApJ 488, L91 (1997).

252

J. N. Reeves, M. J. L. Turner, K. A. Pounds, P. T. O'Brien, T. Boller, P. Ferrando, E. Kendziorra, and S. Vercellone,
XMM-Newton observation of an unusual iron line in the quasar Markarian 205,
A&A 365, L134 (2001).

253

K. Pounds, J. Reeves, P. O'Brien, K. Page, M. Turner, and S. Nayakshin,
An XMM-Newton Observation of the Luminous Seyfert 1 Galaxy Markarian 509,
ApJ 559, 181 (2001).

254

S. Vaughan, K. A. Pounds, J. Reeves, R. Warwick, and R. Edelson,
Evidence for an ionized disc in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Ark 564,
MNRAS 312, 34P (1999).

255

S. Vaughan, T. Boller, A. C. Fabian, D. R. Ballantyne, W. N. Brandt, and J. Trümper,
An XMM-Newton observation of Ton S180: constraints on the continuum emission in ultrasoft Seyfert galaxies,
MNRAS 336, 867 (2002).

256

T. Boller and H. Brandt, W. N.; andFink,
Soft X-ray properties of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies.,
A&A 305, 53 (1996).

257

M. Eracleous, J. P. Halpern, and M. Livio,
The Resolved Fe K alpha Line of the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy 3C 390.3 and Its Implications,
ApJ 459, 89 (1996).

258

S. W. Allen, A. C. Fabian, E. Idesawa, H. Inoue, T. Kii, and C. Otani,
The ASCA X-ray spectrum of the powerful radio galaxy 3C109,
MNRAS 286, 765 (1997).

259

P. R. Wozniak, A. A. Zdziarski, D. Smith, G. M. Madejski, and W. N. Johnson,
X-ray and soft gamma-ray spectra of Broad-Line Radio Galaxies,
MNRAS, 299, 449 (1998).

260

C. S. Reynolds, K. Iwasawa, C. S. Crawford, and A. C. Fabian,
X-ray spectroscopy of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 111,
MNRAS 299, 410 (1997).

261

R. M. Sambruna, M. Eracleous, and R. F. Mushotzky,
An X-Ray Spectral Survey of Radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei with ASCA,
ApJ 526, 60 (1999).

262

P. Grandi, M. Guainazzi, F. Haardt, L. Maraschi, E. Massaro, G. Matt, L. Piro, and C. M. Urry,
Reprocessing and variable cold absorption in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3,
A&A 343, 33 (1999).

263

M. Eracleous, R. Sambruna, and R. F. Mushotzky,
Hard X-Ray Spectra of Broad-Line Radio Galaxies from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer,
ApJ 537, 654 (2000).

264

D. R. Ballantyne, R. R. Ross, and A. C. Fabian,
On the hard X-ray spectra of radio-loud active galaxies,
MNRAS 332, L45 (2002).

265

J. F. Dolan, C. J. Crannell, B. R. Dennis, K. J. Frost, and L. E. Orwig,
High-Energy X-Ray Spectra of Cygnus XR-1 Observed from OSO 8,
ApJ 230, 551 (June 1 1979).

266

Y. Ogawara, K. Mitsuda, K. Masai, J. V. Vallerga, L. R. Cominsky, J. M. Grunsfeld, J. S. Kruper, and G. R. Ricker,
X-ray observations of the 1980 Cygnus X-1 'high state',
Nature 295, 675 (1982).

267

J. C. Ling, W. A. Mahoney, W. A. Wheaton, A. S. Jacobson, and L. Kaluzienski,
The States of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 275, 307 (December 1 1983).

268

W. Cui, Y. Feng, and M. Ertmer,
A Peculiar Flaring Episode of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 564, L77-L80 (2002).

269

S. Kitamoto, K. Takahashi, K. Yamashita, Y. Tanaka, and F. Nagase,
X-ray spectrum and iron line emission from Cygnus X-1,
PASJ 42, 85-97 (1990).

270

C. Done, J. S. Mulchaey, R. F. Mushotzky, and K. A. Arnaud,
An Ionized Accretion Disk in Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 395, 275 (1992).

271

F. Marshall, R. Mushotzky, R. Petre, and P. Serlemitsos,
The X-ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1,
ApJ 419, 301 (December 10 1993).

272

K. Ebisawa, Y. Ueda, H. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, and N. E. White,
ASCA observations of the Iron Line Structure in Cyg X-1,
ApJ 467, 419-434 (1996).

273

M. Gierlinski, A. A. Zdziarski, C. Done, W. N. Johnson, K. Ebisawa, Y. Ueda, F. Haardt, and B. F. Phlips,
Simultaneous X-ray and gamma-ray observations of Cyg X-1 in the hard state by Ginga and OSSE,
MNRAS 288, 958-964 (1997).

274

J. Poutanen, J. H. Krolik, and F. Ryde,
The Nature of Spectral Transitions in Accreting Black Holes: The Case of Cyg X-1,
MNRAS 221, 21p (1997).

275

J. B. Dove, J. Wilms, M. A. Nowak, B. A. Vaughan, and M. C. Begelman,
RXTE Observations of Cygnus X-1. I. Spectral Analysis,
MNRAS 298, 729 (1998).

276

J. Wilms, M. A. Nowak, J. B. Dove, R. P. Fender, and T. di Matteo,
Low Luminosity states of the black hole candidate GX 339-4. I. ASCA and simultaneous radio/RXTE observations,
ApJ 522, 460-475 (1999).

277

M. Gilfanov, E. Churazov, and M. Revnivtsev,
Reflection and Noise in Cygnus X-1,
A&A 352, 182-188 (1999).

278

C. Done and P. T. Zycki,
Relativistic distortions in the X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1,
MNRAS 305, 457-468 (1999).

279

A. J. Young, A. C. Fabian, R. R. Ross, and Y. Tanaka,
A complete relativistic ionized accretion disc in Cygnus X-1,
MNRAS 325, 1045-1052 (2001).

280

T. Di Salvo, C. Done, P. T. Zycki, L. Burderi, and N. R. Robba,
Probing the Inner Region of Cygnus X-1 in the Low/Hard State through Its X-Ray Broadband Spectrum,
ApJ 547, 1024-1033 (2001).

281

F. Frontera, E. Palazzi, A. A. Zdziarski, F. Haardt, G. C. Perola, L. Chiappetti, G. Cusumano, D. Dal Fiume, S. Del Sordo, M. Orlandini, A. N. Parmar, L. Piro, A. Santangelo, A. Segreto, A. Treves, and M. Trifoglio,
Broadband Spectrum of Cygnus X-1 in Two Spectral States with BeppoSAX,
ApJ 546, 1027-1037 (2001).

282

A. A. Zdziarski, P. Lubinski, and D. A. Smith,
Correlation between Compton reflection and X-ray slope in Seyferts and X-ray binaries,
MNRAS 303, L11-L15 (1999).

283

K. Pottschmidt, J. Wilms, M. A. Nowak, G. G. Pooley, T. Gleissner, W. A. Heindl, D. M. Smith, R. Remillard, and R. Staubert,
Long Term Variability of Cyg X-1 (1998 to 2001) I. Systematic spectral-temporal correlations in the hard state,
A&A (2002),
submitted (astro-ph/0202258).

284

J. M. Miller, A. C. Fabian, R. Wijnands, R. A. Remillard, P. Wojdowski, N. S. Schulz, T. D. Matteo, H. L. Marshall, C. R. Canizares, D. Pooley, and W. H. G. Lewin,
Resolving the Composite Fe K$\alpha$ Emission Line in the Galactic Black Hole Cygnus X-1 with Chandra,
ApJ 578, 348 (2002).

285

N. S. Schulz, W. Cui, C. R. Canizares, H. L. Marshall, J. C. Lee, J. M. Miller, and W. H. G. Lewin,
The First High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1: Soft X-Ray Ionization and Absorption,
ApJ 565, 1141-1149 (2002).

286

H. L. Marshall, N. S. Schulz, T. Fang, W. Cui, C. R. Canizares, J. M. Miller, and W. H. G. Lewin,
Highly Ionized Absorption in the X-ray Spectrum of Cyg X-1,
in X-ray Emission from Accretion onto Black Holes, edited by T. Yaqoob and J. H. Krolik, http://www.pha.jhu.edu/groups/astro/workshop2001/.

287

T. Dotani, H. Inoue, K. Mitsuda, F. Nagase, H. Negoro, Y. Ueda, K. Makishima, A. Kubota, K. Ebisawa, and Y. Tanaka,
ASCA Observation of Cygnus X-1 in the Soft State: Mass of the Compact Object,
ApJ 485, L87-L90 (1997).

288

M. Gierlinski, A. A. Zdziarski, J. Poutanen, P. S. Coppi, K. Ebisawa, and W. N. Johnson,
Radiation mechanisms and geometry of Cygnus X-1 in the soft state,
MNRAS 309, 496 (1999).

289

J. M. Miller, A. C. Fabian, R. Wijnands, C. S. Reynolds, M. Ehle, M. J. Freyberg, M. van der Klis, W. H. G. Lewin, C. Sanchez-Fernandez, and A. J. Castro-Tirado,
Evidence of Spin and Energy Extraction in a Galactic Black Hole Candidate: The XMM-Newton/EPIC-pn Spectrum of XTE J1650$-$500,
ApJ 570, L69-L73 (2002).

290

M. A. Nowak, J. Wilms, W. A. Heindl, K. Pottschmidt, J. B. Dove, and M. C. Begelman,
A Good Long Look at the Black Hole Candidates LMC X-1 and LMC X-3,
MNRAS 320, 316-326 (2001).

291

J. M. Miller, A. C. Fabian, J. J. M. in 't Zand, C. S. Reynolds, R. Wijnands, M. A. Nowak, and W. H. G. Lewin,
A Relativistic Fe K-alpha Emission Line in the Intermediate Luminosity BeppoSAX Spectrum of the Galactic Microquasar V4641 Sgr,
ApJ 570, L69 (2002).

292

R. M. Hjellming, M. P. Rupen, R. W. Hunstead, D. Campbell-Wilson, A. J. Mioduszewski, B. M. Gaensler, D. A. Smith, R. J. Sault, R. P. Fender, R. E. Spencer, C. J. de la Force, A. M. S. Richards, S. T. Garrington, S. A. Trushkin, F. D. Ghigo, E. B. Waltman, and M. McCollough,
Light Curves and Radio Structure of the 1999 September Transient Event in V4641 Sagittarii (=XTE J1819$-$254 =SAX J1819.3$-$2525),
ApJ 544, 977-992 (2000).

293

E. H. Morgan, R. A. Remillard, and J. Greiner,
RXTE Observations of QPOs in the Black Hole Candidate GRS 1915+105,
ApJ 482, 993 (1997).

294

T. E. Strohmayer,
Discovery of a 450 Hz Quasi-periodic Oscillation from the Microquasar GRO J1655$-$40 with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer,
ApJ 552, L49-L53 (2001).

295

M. A. Nowak, B. A. Vaughan, J. Dove, and J. Wilms,
Cygnus X-1: A case for a magnetic accretion disk?,
in Accretion Phenomena and Related Outflows, edited by D. Wickramasinghe, L. Ferrario, and G. V. Bicknell, number 121 in Astron. Soc. Pacific, Conf. Ser., page 366, San Francisco, 1997, Astron. Soc. Pacific.

296

L. Stella and M. Vietri,
Lense-Thirring Precession and Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries,
ApJ 492, L59-L62 (1998).

297

L. Stella, M. Vietri, and S. M. Morsink,
Correlations in the Quasi-periodic Oscillation Frequencies of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries and the Relativistic Precession Model,
ApJ 524, L63-L66 (1999).

298

M. A. Abramowicz and W. Kluzniak,
A precise determination of black hole spin in GRO J1655$-$40,
A&A 374, L19-L20 (2001).

299

R. V. Wagoner, A. S. Silbergleit, and M. Ortega-Rodríguez,
``Stable'' Quasi-periodic Oscillations and Black Hole Properties from Diskoseismology,
ApJ 559, L25-L28 (2001).

300

Y. Ueda, K. Ebisawa, and C. Done,
Spectral study of GX 339$-$4 in the low-intesity state observed with Ginga,
PASJ 46, 107 (1994).

301

P. Lubinski and A. A. Zdziarski,
The strength and width of Fe K$\alpha$ lines in Seyferts and their correlations with the X-ray slope,
MNRAS 323, L37-L42 (2001).

302

M. Revnivtsev, M. Gilfanov, and E. Churazov,
Reflection and noise in the low spectral state of GX 339$-$4,
A&A 380, 520-525 (2001).

303

J. Poutanen, R. Svensson, and B. Stern,
The Two-Phase Pair Corona Model for AGN: Physical Modelling and Diagnostics,
in The Transparent Universe, edited by C. Winkler, T. J.-L. Courvoisier, and P. Durouchoux, number 382 in ESA SP, pages 401-404, Noordwijk, 1997, ESA Publications Division.

304

S. Miyamoto, S. Kitamoto, S. Iga, K. Hayashida, and W. Egoshi,
Large hysteretic behavior of stellar black hole candidate X-ray binaries,
ApJ 442, L13 (1995).

305

L. Stella,
Measuring black hole mass through variable line profiles from accretion disks,
Nature 344, 747-749 (1990).

306

C. S. Reynolds, A. J. Young, M. C. Begelman, and A. C. Fabian,
X-Ray Iron Line Reverberation from Black Hole Accretion Disks,
ApJ 514, 164-179 (1999).

307

T. di Matteo and D. Psaltis,
Quasi-Periodic Variability and the Inner Radii of Thin Accretion Disks in Galactic Black Hole Systems,
apj 526, L101-L104 (1999).

308

T. Belloni, D. Psaltis, and M. van der Klis,
A Unified Description of the Timing Features of Accreting X-Ray Binaries,
ApJ 572, 392-406 (2002).