Doub rc(const Doub x, const Doub y) {
	static const Doub ERRTOL=0.0012, THIRD=1.0/3.0, C1=0.3, C2=1.0/7.0,
		C3=0.375, C4=9.0/22.0;
	static const Doub TINY=5.0*numeric_limits<Doub>::min(),
		BIG=0.2*numeric_limits<Doub>::max(), COMP1=2.236/sqrt(TINY),
		COMP2=SQR(TINY*BIG)/25.0;
	Doub alamb,ave,s,w,xt,yt;
	if (x < 0.0 || y == 0.0 || (x+abs(y)) < TINY || (x+abs(y)) > BIG ||
		(y<-COMP1 && x > 0.0 && x < COMP2)) throw("invalid arguments in rc");
	if (y > 0.0) {
		xt=x;
		yt=y;
		w=1.0;
	} else {
		xt=x-y;
		yt= -y;
		w=sqrt(x)/sqrt(xt);
	}
	do {
		alamb=2.0*sqrt(xt)*sqrt(yt)+yt;
		xt=0.25*(xt+alamb);
		yt=0.25*(yt+alamb);
		ave=THIRD*(xt+yt+yt);
		s=(yt-ave)/ave;
	} while (abs(s) > ERRTOL);
	return w*(1.0+s*s*(C1+s*(C2+s*(C3+s*C4))))/sqrt(ave);
}
Doub rd(const Doub x, const Doub y, const Doub z) {
	static const Doub ERRTOL=0.0015, C1=3.0/14.0, C2=1.0/6.0, C3=9.0/22.0,
		C4=3.0/26.0, C5=0.25*C3, C6=1.5*C4;
	static const Doub TINY=2.0*pow(numeric_limits<Doub>::max(),-2./3.),
		BIG=0.1*ERRTOL*pow(numeric_limits<Doub>::min(),-2./3.);
	Doub alamb,ave,delx,dely,delz,ea,eb,ec,ed,ee,fac,sqrtx,sqrty,
		sqrtz,sum,xt,yt,zt;
	if (MIN(x,y) < 0.0 || MIN(x+y,z) < TINY || MAX(MAX(x,y),z) > BIG)
		throw("invalid arguments in rd");
	xt=x;
	yt=y;
	zt=z;
	sum=0.0;
	fac=1.0;
	do {
		sqrtx=sqrt(xt);
		sqrty=sqrt(yt);
		sqrtz=sqrt(zt);
		alamb=sqrtx*(sqrty+sqrtz)+sqrty*sqrtz;
		sum += fac/(sqrtz*(zt+alamb));
		fac=0.25*fac;
		xt=0.25*(xt+alamb);
		yt=0.25*(yt+alamb);
		zt=0.25*(zt+alamb);
		ave=0.2*(xt+yt+3.0*zt);
		delx=(ave-xt)/ave;
		dely=(ave-yt)/ave;
		delz=(ave-zt)/ave;
	} while (MAX(MAX(abs(delx),abs(dely)),abs(delz)) > ERRTOL);
	ea=delx*dely;
	eb=delz*delz;
	ec=ea-eb;
	ed=ea-6.0*eb;
	ee=ed+ec+ec;
	return 3.0*sum+fac*(1.0+ed*(-C1+C5*ed-C6*delz*ee)
		+delz*(C2*ee+delz*(-C3*ec+delz*C4*ea)))/(ave*sqrt(ave));
}
Doub rf(const Doub x, const Doub y, const Doub z) {
	static const Doub ERRTOL=0.0025, THIRD=1.0/3.0,C1=1.0/24.0, C2=0.1,
		C3=3.0/44.0, C4=1.0/14.0;
	static const Doub TINY=5.0*numeric_limits<Doub>::min(),
		BIG=0.2*numeric_limits<Doub>::max();
	Doub alamb,ave,delx,dely,delz,e2,e3,sqrtx,sqrty,sqrtz,xt,yt,zt;
	if (MIN(MIN(x,y),z) < 0.0 || MIN(MIN(x+y,x+z),y+z) < TINY ||
		MAX(MAX(x,y),z) > BIG) throw("invalid arguments in rf");
	xt=x;
	yt=y;
	zt=z;
	do {
		sqrtx=sqrt(xt);
		sqrty=sqrt(yt);
		sqrtz=sqrt(zt);
		alamb=sqrtx*(sqrty+sqrtz)+sqrty*sqrtz;
		xt=0.25*(xt+alamb);
		yt=0.25*(yt+alamb);
		zt=0.25*(zt+alamb);
		ave=THIRD*(xt+yt+zt);
		delx=(ave-xt)/ave;
		dely=(ave-yt)/ave;
		delz=(ave-zt)/ave;
	} while (MAX(MAX(abs(delx),abs(dely)),abs(delz)) > ERRTOL);
	e2=delx*dely-delz*delz;
	e3=delx*dely*delz;
	return (1.0+(C1*e2-C2-C3*e3)*e2+C4*e3)/sqrt(ave);
}
Doub rj(const Doub x, const Doub y, const Doub z, const Doub p) {
	static const Doub ERRTOL=0.0015, C1=3.0/14.0, C2=1.0/3.0, C3=3.0/22.0,
		C4=3.0/26.0, C5=0.75*C3, C6=1.5*C4, C7=0.5*C2, C8=C3+C3;
	static const Doub TINY=pow(5.0*numeric_limits<Doub>::min(),1./3.),
		BIG=0.3*pow(0.2*numeric_limits<Doub>::max(),1./3.);
	Doub a,alamb,alpha,ans,ave,b,beta,delp,delx,dely,delz,ea,eb,ec,ed,ee,
		fac,pt,rcx,rho,sqrtx,sqrty,sqrtz,sum,tau,xt,yt,zt;
	if (MIN(MIN(x,y),z) < 0.0 || MIN(MIN(x+y,x+z),MIN(y+z,abs(p))) < TINY
		|| MAX(MAX(x,y),MAX(z,abs(p))) > BIG) throw("invalid arguments in rj");
	sum=0.0;
	fac=1.0;
	if (p > 0.0) {
		xt=x;
		yt=y;
		zt=z;
		pt=p;
	} else {
		xt=MIN(MIN(x,y),z);
		zt=MAX(MAX(x,y),z);
		yt=x+y+z-xt-zt;
		a=1.0/(yt-p);
		b=a*(zt-yt)*(yt-xt);
		pt=yt+b;
		rho=xt*zt/yt;
		tau=p*pt/yt;
		rcx=rc(rho,tau);
	}
	do {
		sqrtx=sqrt(xt);
		sqrty=sqrt(yt);
		sqrtz=sqrt(zt);
		alamb=sqrtx*(sqrty+sqrtz)+sqrty*sqrtz;
		alpha=SQR(pt*(sqrtx+sqrty+sqrtz)+sqrtx*sqrty*sqrtz);
		beta=pt*SQR(pt+alamb);
		sum += fac*rc(alpha,beta);
		fac=0.25*fac;
		xt=0.25*(xt+alamb);
		yt=0.25*(yt+alamb);
		zt=0.25*(zt+alamb);
		pt=0.25*(pt+alamb);
		ave=0.2*(xt+yt+zt+pt+pt);
		delx=(ave-xt)/ave;
		dely=(ave-yt)/ave;
		delz=(ave-zt)/ave;
		delp=(ave-pt)/ave;
	} while (MAX(MAX(abs(delx),abs(dely)),
		MAX(abs(delz),abs(delp))) > ERRTOL);
	ea=delx*(dely+delz)+dely*delz;
	eb=delx*dely*delz;
	ec=delp*delp;
	ed=ea-3.0*ec;
	ee=eb+2.0*delp*(ea-ec);
	ans=3.0*sum+fac*(1.0+ed*(-C1+C5*ed-C6*ee)+eb*(C7+delp*(-C8+delp*C4))
		+delp*ea*(C2-delp*C3)-C2*delp*ec)/(ave*sqrt(ave));
	if (p <= 0.0) ans=a*(b*ans+3.0*(rcx-rf(xt,yt,zt)));
	return ans;
}
Doub ellf(const Doub phi, const Doub ak) {
	Doub s=sin(phi);
	return s*rf(SQR(cos(phi)),(1.0-s*ak)*(1.0+s*ak),1.0);
}
Doub elle(const Doub phi, const Doub ak) {
	Doub cc,q,s;
	s=sin(phi);
	cc=SQR(cos(phi));
	q=(1.0-s*ak)*(1.0+s*ak);
	return s*(rf(cc,q,1.0)-(SQR(s*ak))*rd(cc,q,1.0)/3.0);
}
Doub ellpi(const Doub phi, const Doub en, const Doub ak) {
	Doub cc,enss,q,s;
	s=sin(phi);
	enss=en*s*s;
	cc=SQR(cos(phi));
	q=(1.0-s*ak)*(1.0+s*ak);
	return s*(rf(cc,q,1.0)-enss*rj(cc,q,1.0,1.0+enss)/3.0);
}
void sncndn(const Doub uu, const Doub emmc, Doub &sn, Doub &cn, Doub &dn) {
	static const Doub CA=1.0e-8;
	Bool bo;
	Int i,ii,l;
	Doub a,b,c,d,emc,u;
	VecDoub em(13),en(13);
	emc=emmc;
	u=uu;
	if (emc != 0.0) {
		bo=(emc < 0.0);
		if (bo) {
			d=1.0-emc;
			emc /= -1.0/d;
			u *= (d=sqrt(d));
		}
		a=1.0;
		dn=1.0;
		for (i=0;i<13;i++) {
			l=i;
			em[i]=a;
			en[i]=(emc=sqrt(emc));
			c=0.5*(a+emc);
			if (abs(a-emc) <= CA*a) break;
			emc *= a;
			a=c;
		}
		u *= c;
		sn=sin(u);
		cn=cos(u);
		if (sn != 0.0) {
			a=cn/sn;
			c *= a;
			for (ii=l;ii>=0;ii--) {
				b=em[ii];
				a *= c;
				c *= dn;
				dn=(en[ii]+a)/(b+a);
				a=c/b;
			}
			a=1.0/sqrt(c*c+1.0);
			sn=(sn >= 0.0 ? a : -a);
			cn=c*sn;
		}
		if (bo) {
			a=dn;
			dn=cn;
			cn=a;
			sn /= d;
		}
	} else {
		cn=1.0/cosh(u);
		dn=cn;
		sn=tanh(u);
	}
}